The
Ethical communism of Oscar Niemeyer
Leonardo
Boff
Theologian-Philosopher
Earthcharter
Commission
I did not have many
encounters with Oscar Niemeyer, but those I had were long and intense. What
would an architect and a theologian talk about, if not of God, religion,
injustice against the poor, and the meaning of life?
In our conversations, I
sensed someone with a profound saudade of God. He envied me
because, even though he considered me an intelligent person, I still believed
in God, something he could not do. But I would calm him down by saying: what is
important is not to believe or not to believe in God, but to live ethically,
with love, solidarity and compassion for those who suffer most. Because at the
dusk of life, that is what counts. And in this respect he was very solid. His
gaze would be lost in the distance, with a soft glow.
He was once very impressed
when I told him this phrase from a medieval theologian: «If God exists
as things exists, then God does not exist». And he asked: «what
does that mean?» I replied: «God is not an object that can be
found anywhere; if it were so, God would be part of the world and not God». But
then he would ask: «and what is that God?» And almost in a
whisper, I told him: «God is like a species of powerful and loving
Energy that creates the conditions so that things may exist; God is more or
less like the eye: that sees all but cannot see Itself; or like the thought:
the strength through which the thought thinks, can not be thought». He
remained thoughtful, but continued: «Christian theology says that?» And
I replied:«Christian theology says that, but it is ashamed of saying it,
because then it should be silent instead of talking; and it is always talking,
especially the popes». But I comforted him with a line attributed to
the great Argentinean, Jorge Luis Borges: «Theology is a curious
science: in her all is true because all is invented». Niemeyer was
amused by that. And he found very graceful the beautiful trouvaille of
a sweeper of Rio de Janeiro, the famous Gari Sorriso: «God is the wind
and the moon; the dynamic of growing, applause for the one who climbs up and
help for the one who is descending». I suspect Oscar would have no
difficulty accepting that God, who is so humane and so near us.
He smiled softly and I took
the opportunity to say: «Is it not the same with your architecture? In
architecture all is simple and beautiful, not because it is rational, but
because all is invented and the fruit of the imagination». He agreed with
that, adding that he found more inspiration for architecture by reading poetry,
novels, and fiction, than by giving himself to intellectual elucidation. I said
to him: «in religion it is more or less like that: the greatness of
religion is fantasy, the utopic capacity of projecting kingdoms of justice and
heavens of happiness. And great modern religious thinkers such as Bloch,
Goldman, Durkheim, Rubem Alves and others do not say anything different: our
error was to place religion within reason, when its natural niche is found in
the imagination and the principle of hope. There religion reveals its truths
and can inspire in us the meaning of life».
To me, the greatness of
Oscar Niemeyer is not only his genius, which is recognized and praised around
the world, but his conception of life and in the depth of his communism. To
him, «life is a gust of wind», light and fleeting, but one to
be lived with total integrity. Above all, life to him was not pure enjoyment,
but creativity and work. He worked up to the end, like Picasso, producing more
than 600 works. And, since he was a complete being, he cultivated the arts,
literature and sciences. He had began to study cosmology and quantum physics
late in life. He was filled with admiration and amazement at the immensity of
the universe.
But above all, he
cultivated friendship, solidarity and the esteem of everyone.«Architecture
is not what is important» he repeated many times, «what is
important is life». But not just any life; a life lived in search of
the necessary transformation to overcome injustice against the poor, one that
improves this perverse world, a life that translates into solidarity and
friendship. In theJornal do Brasil, 21/04/2007, he confessed: «The
fundamental is to recognize that life is unjust, and that only by lending each
other a hand, as brothers and sisters, can we live life better».
His communism is very close
to the communism of the early Christians, as written about in The Acts of the
Apostles, chapters 2 and 4. There is said that, “Christians put
everything in common and there were no poor among them”. Consequently,
it was not an ideologic communism, but ethical and humanitarian one: to share,
to live with sobriety, as he always lived, to divest oneself of money, and help
those who need it. Everything should be in common. To a journalist who asked
him if he would take a pill to have eternal youth, he coherently replied: «I
would accept it if it were for all the world; I do not want immortality only
for myself».
A moment that stayed with
me, occurred at the beginning of the 1980s. Oscar was in Petropolis, and
invited me to have lunch with him. I had returned that day from Cuba, where, at
the request of Fidel Castro, with Frei Betto, we had dialogued for several
years with different echelons of government, (always watched over by the SNI)
to see if we could extract them from their dogmatic and rigid conceptions of
Soviet Marxism. Those were tranquil times in Cuba. With the support of the
Soviet Union, it could carry out its splendid projects of health, education and
culture. I shared with him the fact that, no matter where I had gone in Cuba, I
never found favela-like shanty towns, but a dignified and
industrious poverty. I told him a thousand things about Cuba that, according to
Frei Betto, was at that time, «a Bahia that had flourished». His
eyes would shine. He almost did not eat. He was filled with enthusiasm, at
seeing that, somewhere in the world, his dream of communism could, at least in
part, become embodied and be good for the majorities.
It was great my surprise
when, two days later, an article by him appeared in the Folha de São
Paulo, with a beautiful drawing of three mountains with a cross above.
Above it, it said: «Coming down the highland of Petropolis to Rio, I,
who am an atheist, prayed to the God of Brother Boff that the situation of the
Cuban people may one day be a reality in Brazil». That was the warm,
soft and radically human generosity of Oscar Niemeyer.
I have an everlasting
remembrance from him. From Darcy Ribeiro, who was a friend-brother of Oscar, I
acquired a small apartment in the Alto de Boa-Vista neighborhood,
in the Enchanted Valley. From there, the entire Barra de Tijuca can
be seen, up to the end of the Recreio de los Bandeirantes. Oscar
remade that apartment for his friend, in such a way that, Darcy (who was small
in stature) could always see the sea. He made a platform about 50 centimeters
high, and, since it could not be otherwise, with a beautiful curve for a
corner, as a sea wave on the body of a beloved woman. There I retire when I
want to write or meditate a little, because a theologian also must take care to
save his soul.
On two occasions, he
offered to design a model of a small church for the place where I live, Araras
in Petropolis. I declined because I considered it unjust to revalue my property
with the work of such a genius as Niemeyer. After all, God is neither in heaven
nor on Earth, but there where the doors are open.
Life is not destined to
disappear with death, but to be transfigured alchemically through death. Oscar
Niemeyer has only passed to the other side of life, to the invisible side. But
the invisible forms part of the visible. Because of that, he is not absent, but
present, if invisible. But always with the same sweetness, softness,
friendship, solidarity and love that always characterized him. And wherever he
is, he will be fantasizing, projecting and creating worlds that are beautiful,
curved and filled with lightness.
12-15-2012
Free
translation from the Spanish sent by
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE,
Texas, EE.UU.
****************************************************************
Por favor circule ampliamente
este artículo. ¡Gracias!
El comunismo ético de
Oscar Niemeyer
2012-12-15
No tuve muchos encuentros con Oscar
Niemeyer, pero los que tuve fueron largos y densos. ¿De qué iba a hablar un
arquitecto con un teólogo sino sobre Dios, sobre religión, sobre la injusticia
de los pobres y sobre el sentido de la vida?
En nuestras conversaciones sentía a
alguien con una profunda saudade de Dios. Me envidiaba porque, considerado por
él una persona inteligente, aun así creía en Dios, cosa que él no conseguía.
Pero yo lo tranquilizaba diciéndole: lo importante no es creer o no creer en
Dios, sino vivir con ética, amor, solidaridad y compasión por los que más
sufren. Pues al atardecer de la vida, lo que cuenta son esas cosas. Y en este
punto él estaba muy bien situado. Su mirada se perdía a lo lejos con un leve
brillo.
Una vez se impresionó sobremanera
cuando le dije esta frase de un teólogo medieval: «Si Dios existe como existen
las cosas, entonces Dios no existe». Y él replicó: «¿qué significa eso?» Le
respondí: «Dios no es un objeto que puede ser encontrado por ahí; si fuese así,
sería una parte del mundo y no Dios». Pero entonces, preguntó él: «¿y qué es
ese Dios?» Y yo casi susurrando le dije: «Es una especie de Energía poderosa y
amorosa que crea las condiciones para que las cosas puedan existir; es más o
menos como el ojo: ve todo pero no puede verse a sí mismo; o como el
pensamiento: la fuerza por la cual el pensamiento piensa, no puede ser
pensada». Él se quedó pensativo, pero continuó: «¿la teología cristiana dice
eso?» Y respondí: «lo dice, pero tiene vergüenza de decirlo, porque entonces
debería callar más que hablar: y se pasa la vida hablando, especialmente los
papas». Pero le consolé con una frase atribuida a Jorge Luis Borges, el gran
argentino: «La teología es una ciencia curiosa: en ella todo es verdadero, porque
todo es inventado». Le hizo mucha gracia. Y más gracia encontró en una
bonita trouvaille de un barrendero de Río, el famoso Gari
Sorriso: «Dios es el viento y la luna; es la dinámica del crecer; es aplaudir a
quien sube y ayudar a quien baja». Sospecho que Oscar no tendría dificultad en
aceptar a ese Dios tan humano y tan próximo a nosotros.
Sonrió suavemente y yo aproveché para
decir: «¿No es lo mismo con su arquitectura? En ella todo es bonito y sencillo,
no porque sea racionalismo sino porque todo es inventado y fruto de la
imaginación». En esto estuvo de acuerdo, añadiendo que para la arquitectura se
inspiraba más leyendo poesía, novela y ficción que entregándose a
elucubraciones intelectuales. Y le dije: «en la religión es más o menos lo
mismo: la grandeza de la religión es la fantasía, la capacidad utópica de
proyectar reinos de justicia y cielos de felicidad. Y grandes pensadores
modernos de la religión como Bloch, Goldman, Durkheim, Rubem Alves y otros no
dicen otra cosa: nuestro error fue colocar la religión en la razón cuando su
nicho natural se encuentra en el imaginario y en el principio de la esperanza.
Ahí ella muestra su verdad y nos puede inspirar un sentido de vida».
Para mí la grandeza de Oscar Niemeyer
no está solamente en su genialidad, reconocida y alabada en el mundo entero,
sino en su concepción de la vida y en la profundidad de su comunismo. Para él
«la vida es un soplo», leve y pasajero, pero un soplo vivido con total
entereza. Ante todo, la vida para él no era puro disfrute, sino creatividad y
trabajo. Trabajó hasta el final, como Picasso, produciendo más de 600 obras. Y,
como era un ser completo, cultivaba las artes, la literatura y las ciencias.
Últimamente se había puesto a estudiar cosmología y física cuántica. Se llenaba
de admiración y de asombro ante la grandeza del universo.
Pero más que nada cultivó la amistad,
la solidaridad y el aprecio a todos. «Lo importante no es la arquitectura»
repetía muchas veces, «lo importante es la vida». Pero no cualquier vida; la
vida vivida en busca de la transformación necesaria que supere las injusticias
contra los pobres, que mejore este mundo perverso, vida que se traduzca en
solidaridad y amistad. En el Jornal do Brasil del 21/04/2007
confesaba: «Lo fundamental es reconocer que la vida es injusta y solo dándonos
las manos, como hermanos y hermanas, podemos vivirla mejor».
Su comunismo está muy próximo al de los
primeros cristianos, referido en los Hechos de los Apóstoles en los capítulos 2
y 4. Ahí se dice que “los cristianos todo lo ponían en común y no había pobres
entre ellos”. Por lo tanto, no era un comunismo ideológico sino ético y
humanitario: compartir, vivir con sobriedad, como siempre vivió, despojarse del
dinero y ayudar a quien lo necesitase. Todo debería ser común. A un periodista
que le preguntó si aceptaría la píldora de la eterna juventud, le respondió
coherentemente: «la aceptaría si fuese para todo el mundo; no quiero la
inmortalidad sólo para mí».
Un hecho, que se me quedó grabado,
ocurrió a principios de los años 80 del siglo pasado. Estando Oscar en
Petrópolis, me invitó a almorzar con él. Yo había llegado ese mismo día de Cuba
donde junto con Frei Betto dialogábamos desde hacía años, a petición de Fidel
Castro, con distintos escalones del gobierno (siempre vigilados por el SNI)
para ver si los sacábamos de la concepción dogmática y rígida del marxismo
soviético. Eran tiempos tranquilos en Cuba que, con el apoyo de la Unión
Soviética, podía llevar adelante sus espléndidos proyectos de salud, de
educación y de cultura. Le conté que, por todos los lados por donde había ido
en Cuba, nunca encontré favelas sino una pobreza digna y laboriosa. Le conté
mil cosas de Cuba que, según Frei Betto, en esa época era «una Bahía que había
resultado». Sus ojos brillaban. Casi no comía. Se llenaba de entusiasmo al ver
que, en algún lugar del mundo, su sueño de comunismo podría, al menos en parte,
ganar cuerpo y ser bueno para las mayorías.
Cuál no sería mi sorpresa cuando, dos
días después, apareció en la Folha de São Paulo, un artículo suyo
con un bello dibujo de tres montañas con una cruz encima. A cierta altura
decía: «Bajando la sierra de Petrópolis a Río, yo que soy ateo, rezaba al Dios
de Frei Boff para que esa situación del pueblo cubano pudiese un día ser
realidad en Brasil». Esa era la generosidad cálida, suave y radicalmente humana
de Oscar Niemeyer.
Guardo un recuerdo perenne de él.
Adquirí de Darcy Ribeiro, de quien Oscar era amigo-hermano, un pequeño
apartamento en el barrio Alto de Boa-Vista, en el Valle Encantado. Desde allí
se avista toda la Barra de Tijuca hasta el final del Recreio de los
Bandeirantes. Oscar reformó aquel apartamento para su amigo, de tal forma que,
desde cualquier lugar, Darcy (que era pequeño de estatura) pudiese ver siempre
el mar. Hizo un estrado de unos 50 centímetros de altura y, como no podía ser
de otro modo, con una bella curva de esquina, como ola de mar sobre el cuerpo
de la mujer amada. Allí me recojo cuando quiero escribir y meditar un poco,
pues un teólogo debe también cuidar de salvar su alma.
En dos ocasiones se ofreció a diseñar
la maqueta de una iglesita para el lugar donde vivo, Araras en Petrópolis. Lo
rechacé pues consideraba injusto revalorizar mi propiedad con la obra de un
genio como Niemeyer. A fin y al cabo, Dios no está ni en el cielo ni en la
tierra sino allí donde las puertas están abiertas.
La vida no está destinada a desaparecer
con la muerte sino a transfigurarse alquímicamente a través de la muerte. Oscar
Niemeyer solamente ha pasado al otro lado de la vida, al lado invisible. Pero
lo invisible forma parte de lo visible. Por eso no está ausente, sino presente,
aunque invisible. Pero siempre con la misma dulzura, suavidad, amistad,
solidaridad y amorosidad que permanentemente lo caracterizó. Y ahí donde esté
estará fantaseando, proyectando y creando mundos bellos, curvos y llenos de
levedad.
Leonardo Boff
12-15-2012
Fuente:
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